SQL Cheat Sheet

查找数据的查询

SELECT: 用于从数据库中选择数据

• SELECT * FROM table_name;

DISTINCT: 用于过滤掉重复的值并返回指定列的行

• SELECT DISTINCT column_name;

WHERE: 用于过滤记录/行

• SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;
• SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition1 AND condition2;
• SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition1 OR condition2;
• SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE NOT condition;
• SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition1 AND (condition2 OR condition3);
• SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE EXISTS (SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);

ORDER BY: 用于结果集的排序，升序（ASC）或者降序（DESC）

• SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column;
• SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column DESC;
• SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 ASC, column2 DESC;

SELECT TOP: 用于指定从表顶部返回的记录数

• SELECT TOP number columns_names FROM table_name WHERE condition;
• SELECT TOP percent columns_names FROM table_name WHERE condition;
• 并非所有数据库系统都支持SELECT TOP。 MySQL 中是LIMIT子句
• SELECT column_names FROM table_name LIMIT offset, count;

LIKE: 用于搜索列中的特定模式，WHERE 子句中使用的运算符

• % (percent sign) 是一个表示零个，一个或多个字符的通配符
• _ (underscore) 是一个表示单个字符通配符
• SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;
• LIKE ‘a%’ （查找任何以“a”开头的值）
• LIKE ‘%a’ （查找任何以“a”结尾的值）
• LIKE ‘%or%’ （查找任何包含“or”的值）
• LIKE ‘_r%’ （查找任何第二位是“r”的值）
• LIKE ‘a*%*%’ （查找任何以“a”开头且长度至少为 3 的值）
• LIKE ‘[a-c]%’（查找任何以“a”或“b”或“c”开头的值）

IN: 用于在 WHERE 子句中指定多个值的运算符

• 本质上，IN 运算符是多个 OR 条件的简写
• SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, …);
• SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (SELECT STATEMENT);

BETWEEN: 用于过滤给定范围的值的运算符

• SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
• SELECT * FROM Products WHERE (column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2) AND NOT column_name2 IN (value3, value4);
• SELECT * FROM Products WHERE column_name BETWEEN #01/07/1999# AND #03/12/1999#;

NULL: 代表一个字段没有值

• SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NULL;
• SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;

AS: 用于给表或者列分配别名

• SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name;
• SELECT column_name FROM table_name AS alias_name;
• SELECT column_name AS alias_name1, column_name2 AS alias_name2;
• SELECT column_name1, column_name2 + ‘, ‘ + column_name3 AS alias_name;

UNION: 用于组合两个或者多个 SELECT 语句的结果集的运算符

• 每个 SELECT 语句必须拥有相同的列数
• 列必须拥有相似的数据类型
• 每个 SELECT 语句中的列也必须具有相同的顺序
• SELECT columns_names FROM table1 UNION SELECT column_name FROM table2;
• UNION 仅允许选择不同的值, UNION ALL 允许重复

ANY|ALL: 用于检查 WHERE 或 HAVING 子句中使用的子查询条件的运算符

• ANY 如果任何子查询值满足条件，则返回 true。
• ALL 如果所有子查询值都满足条件，则返回 true。
• SELECT columns_names FROM table1 WHERE column_name operator (ANY|ALL) (SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);

GROUP BY: 通常与聚合函数（COUNT，MAX，MIN，SUM，AVG）一起使用，用于将结果集分组为一列或多列

• SELECT column_name1, COUNT(column_name2) FROM table_name WHERE condition GROUP BY column_name1 ORDER BY COUNT(column_name2) DESC;

HAVING: HAVING 子句指定 SELECT 语句应仅返回聚合值满足指定条件的行。它被添加到 SQL 语言中，因为 WHERE 关键字不能与聚合函数一起使用。

• SELECT COUNT(column_name1), column_name2 FROM table GROUP BY column_name2 HAVING COUNT(column_name1) > 5;

修改数据的查询

INSERT INTO: 用于在表中插入新记录/行

• INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);
• INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2 …);

UPDATE: 用于修改表中的现有记录/行

• UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2 WHERE condition;
• UPDATE table_name SET column_name = value;

DELETE: 用于删除表中的现有记录/行

• DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
• DELETE * FROM table_name;

聚合查询

COUNT: 返回出现次数

• SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT column_name);

MIN() and MAX(): 返回所选列的最小/最大值

• SELECT MIN (column_names) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
• SELECT MAX (column_names) FROM table_name WHERE condition;

AVG(): 返回数字列的平均值

• SELECT AVG (column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;

SUM(): 返回数值列的总和

• SELECT SUM (column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;

连接查询

INNER JOIN: 内连接，返回在两张表中具有匹配值的记录

• SELECT column_names FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
• SELECT table1.column_name1, table2.column_name2, table3.column_name3 FROM ((table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON relationship) INNER JOIN table3 ON relationship);

LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: 左外连接，返回左表（table1）中的所有记录，以及右表中的匹配记录（table2）

• SELECT column_names FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: 右外连接，返回右表（table2）中的所有记录，以及左表（table1）中匹配的记录

• SELECT column_names FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

FULL (OUTER) JOIN: 全外连接，全连接是左右外连接的并集. 连接表包含被连接的表的所有记录, 如果缺少匹配的记录, 以 NULL 填充。

• SELECT column_names FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

Self JOIN: 自连接，表自身连接

• SELECT column_names FROM table1 T1, table1 T2 WHERE condition;

视图查询

CREATE: 创建视图

• CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;

SELECT: 检索视图

• SELECT * FROM view_name;

DROP: 删除视图

• DROP VIEW view_name;

修改表的查询

ADD: 添加字段

• ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name column_definition;

MODIFY: 修改字段数据类型

• ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name column_type;

DROP: 删除字段

• ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;